• Definitions
• Uses and Limitations
• Use Caution
• Citing AI and LLMs
• Guidance for Use
• Additional References

Definitions

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence and awareness in machines that are programmed to think, judge, respond, and mimic humans and their actions (Frakenfield, 2022). It is commonly used by people to describe any piece of technology that mimics human learning and problem-solving skills.

Artificial intelligence is used across all industries and academic subjects. The term is used to describe everything from finding the best route on Apple and Google Maps, self-driving cars, algorithms to display a list in a certain order on a website or in a social media app, and facial recognition software to unlock a smart phone. It is part of our everyday lives, at work, in school and at home.

Machine Learning

Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly defined as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence systems are used to perform complex tasks in a way that is similar to how humans solve problems.

Large Language Models

LLMs (Large Language Models) "can generate natural language texts from large amounts of data. Large language models use deep neural networks, such as transformers, to learn from billions or trillions of words, and to produce texts on any topic or domain. Large language models can also perform various natural language tasks, such as classification, summarization, translation, generation, and dialogue." (Maeda & Chaki, 2023)

There are many LLMs available. Be sure to consider utilizing tools and services that exhibit the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST’s) characteristics of trustworthy AI. Here are a few LLMs examples:

• • Artificial Intelligence Tools for Detection, Research and Writing

    From the University of Texas Libraries, a list of Generative AI related writing and research tools.
  • AI Tools Directory

    The AI Tools Directory blog is a comprehensive collection of curated artificial intelligence software tools that cater to the needs of small business owners, bloggers, artists, musicians, entrepreneurs, marketers, writers, and researchers.
  • Generative AI Product Tracker

    Ithaka S+R lists generative AI products that are either marketed specifically towards postsecondary faculty or students or appear to be actively in use by postsecondary faculty or students for teaching, learning, or research activities.
  • There's an AI for That

    This website aims to categorize LLMs to make finding a resource for your goals easier. They state they are "the largest AI aggregator."

  Uses	Limitations
  It can be a starting place, but do not rely on it for factual information or research.	It is not a search engine, but uses vast amounts of data to generate responses that appear to make sense. LLMs and AI are known for producing hallucinations, where the program presents and defends false information as if it were factual. Most LLMs have created citations to defend its statements, but these citations can be entirely fabricated. LLMs have access to knowledge up to a given date. You may ask the LLM when that date is, but it is best to go to the developer's notes, if available, to confirm whether its information is up to date. LLMs are improving, but still provide false citations.
  Simple text editing Limited usefulness in paraphrasing historical documents to improve accessibility. Potential ChatGPT use in undergraduate chemistry laboratories. Overcoming writer's block.	LLMs' privacy policies may allow the creators to sell and profit off of your personal information. Submitting a manuscript to a LLM for writing assistance may violate requirements from journals you wish to publish in. Anything you submit to an LLM may become a part of the LLM's learning corpus.
  Discussion starter regarding privacy, intellectual property, research integrity, ethical consumption, and more!	Many LLMs are for-profit tools and by engaging with them you are adding to their learning corpus which is, at its core, unpaid labor while benefitting from the devastation of paid workers and the environment.
  Adapted from: University of Washington Health Sciences Library Guides: Artificial Intelligence

  Use Caution

  • Read about Bias in and the Limitations of AI. LLMs, ML, and algorithms.

    • Uses & Limitations of LLMs
      
    • Bias in AI and LLMs
  • Fact Focus: Zoom says it isn’t training AI on calls without consent. But other data is fair game

    August 9, 2023, AP Fact Check article by Melissa Goldin.
  • AI can crack double blind peer review – should we still use it?

    August 8, 2023, London School of Economics and Political Science blog post by Leonard Bauersfeld, Angel Romero, Manasi Muglikar, and Davide Scaramuzza.
  • AI Chatbots, Health Privacy, and Challenges to HIPAA Compliance

    JAMA. 2023;330(4):309-310

  Citing AI and LLMs

  • Plan for Using AI

    Guide by Amanda Wheatley (she/elle), Librarian, McGill Library.

  Co-Authorship

  Many journals have rules about whether AI and LLMs can be considered a co-author. Investigate the Author Guidelines for any journal in which you are considering publishing before using a LLM to revise or support your work.

  • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE): Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

    ICMJE guidance for AI-Assisted Technology.
  • Guidance for Authors, Peer Reviewers, and Editors on Use of AI, Language Models, and Chatbots

    July 27, 2023, editorial in JAMA by Annette Flanagin, RN, MA; Jacob Kendall-Taylor, BA; and Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS.

  Works Cited

  • Citation Style Guide for AI

    From Dalhousie University Libraries.
  • How to Cite ChatGPT

    Guidance from Sally Neal, Librarian, Butler University.

  Copyright

  • Library Copyright Alliance Principles for Copyright and Artificial Intelligence

    July 10, 2023, principles from the Library Copyright Alliance, American Library Association (ALA), and Association of Research Libraries (ARL).
  • Library Copyright Alliance (LCA) Statement on AI Training Data

    January 23, 2024, blog post on behalf of the LCA states that training generative AI models on copyrighted works is fair use.

  Guidance for Use

  From Mercer University
  

  • Mercer University AI Policy

    This policy applies to members of the Mercer community who are engaged in academic work and scholarship.
  • Mercer University Library AI Libguide

    Includes: Recent Books; Key Databases For AI and Machine Learning; Research Searching the Catalog for AI and Machine Learning Research; Keeping Up to Date: Blogs, Websites, Articles; Selected Journals in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; Selected Organizations and Websites; Legal Issues for AI; Ethics and AI; AI and Teaching and Learning; and Publishing and AI.

  From the White House

  • Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights

    From The White House.
  • President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence

    October 30, 2023, Executive Order by President Biden on new standards for AI safety and security, privacy, equity and civil rights, and more.

  From the Georgia Technology Authority

  • Artificial Intelligence

    From the Georgia Technology Authority
  • Guiding Principles for AI

    From The Georgia Technology Authority

  From Editors

  • Editors’ Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal Publishing

    October 1, 2023, The Hastings Center Report editorial by Gregory E. Kaebnick, David Christopher Magnus, Audiey Kao, Mohammad Hosseini, David Resnik, Veljko Dubljevic, Christy Rentmeester, Bert Gordijn, and Mark J. Cherry.

  From the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC)

  • Artificial Intelligence and Medical Education
    From the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Academic Medicine Webinar Series
    From the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC)

  From the American Medical Association (AMA)

  • Augmented Intelligence in Medicine
    From the American Medical Association (AMA)
  • AMA Issues New Principles for AI Development, Deployment & Use
    From the American Medical Association (AMA)
  • Latest Articles about Artificial Intelligence from JAMA
    Explore the latest in AI in medicine, including studies of how chatbots, large language models (LLMs), natural language processing, and machine learning are transforming medicine and health care.

  Additional References

  • Chiang B. University of Calgary Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence, accessed March 14, 2024
  • Day A. UNLV University Libraries LibGuides: Use of Generative AI in Research: Overview, accessed March 14, 2024
  • Gascon L.University of Washington Health Sciences Library Guides: Artificial Intelligence, accessed March 14, 2024
  • Jeffers R. UT Southwestern Medical Center Health Sciences Digital Library and Learning Center Libguides: Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Guide, accessed March 14, 2024
  • YouTube Duke University, accessed March 14, 2024